Tortoises Metabolic diseases

Testudo hermanni Weak carapace. Bulging scutes Beak overgrown

Testudo hermanni Dietary hyperparathyreoidy (4 years on endive)

Testudo horsfieldi Skull Bone resorption Renal osteodystrophy

Testudo hermanni Osteodystrophy Loose structured carapace + control

Testudo hermanni Plastron Osteodystrophy Loose structured + control

Testudo hermanni Vertebral column Juvenile osteoporosus

Tortoise Osteoporosis (juvenile)

Stigmochelys pardalis Plastron Visceral side Demineralization

Testudo hermanni Plastron Large Caverns due Calcium shortage

Stigmochelys pardalis plastron Osteoporosis Bone seams elevated

Trachemys s. elegans Goiter

Mauremys caspica Goiter Macrofollicularis

Trachemys s. elegans Thyroid gland Struma diffusa microfollicularis

Testudo graeca Hypervitaminosis A

Chelonoidis [Geochelone] denticulata Hypervitaminosis A Cornified layer desquamated

Testudo hermanni Skin Hypervitaminosis A

Testudo hermanni Hypervitaminosis

Testudo hermanni  Hypervitaminosis A

Testudo hermanni  Hypervitaminosis

Testudo hermanni Skin Hypervit A – acanthosis, loss of horny layer – versus normal

Testudo hermanni Skin Acanthosis + hyperkeratosis Hypervitaminosis A

Trachemys s. elegans Vitamin A deficiency

Trachemys s elegans Vitamin A deficiency

Trachemys s elegans Kidney Epithelia metaplasia Vitamin A deficiency

Trachemys s elegans Ureter metaplasia Vitamin A deficiency

Trachemys s elegans Vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A dosed

Trachemys s. elegans Rickets + pyramiding

Testudo hermanni Gout. Urates in knee joint

Testudo h. boettgeri B99-833 Heart Pericarditis Urate deposits P. Zwart

Testudo h. boettgeri B99-833 Throat Edema + gout P. Zwart